| NUTRIENT |
FUNCTION |
DEFICIENCY |
|
|
acid-base
balance
muscle and nerve
action
water retention
hydrochloric acid |
low
production
unthrifty, lack
of appetite
craving for salt
eating soil
licking objects
drinking
other cow's urine |
| CALCIUM |
skeletal
growth
muscle quiescence
milk production |
weak
bones and teeth
low calcium content in bones |
| PHOSPHORUS |
skeletal
growth
milk production
energy metabolism |
lack
of appetite
irregular estrus or heats
appetite for bones, wood, bark |
|
MAGNESIUM
|
electrolyte
balance
enzymes
muscle irritability |
grass
tetany
twitching
skin
unsteady, staggering,
animal down |
| POTASSIUM |
acid-base
balance in intracellular fluid
activates enzymes
heart, muscle
tone
osmotic
pressure |
overall
muscle weakness
loss of
appetite
poor intestinal tone with intestinal distension
cardiac
and respiratory muscle weakness and failure |
|
IODINE
|
thyroxine
synthesis
metabolic
rate |
goiterous
calves frequently dead or hairless
failure
to show estrus
retained
placentas in cows |
|
FLUORINE
|
can be toxic
|
deformed teeth
and bones
|
|
MANGANESE
|
growth
enzymes |
newborn
calves-deforned bones, enlarged joints, twisted legs, stiffness, shorter
foreleg, general physical weakness
un-coordinated movements |
| IRON |
formation of
hemoglobin
|
anemia
|
| COPPER |
respiratory
pigments of blood
enzymes |
anemia
still-birth
sudden death
due to heart degeneration |
| COBALT |
microbial
synthesis of vitamin
B 12 in rumen |
loss
of appetite
anemia
emaciation
calves unthrifty,
poor appetite because of low vitamin B 12 content in milk |
| SELENIUM |
muscle
integrity
can be toxic |
nutritional
muscular dystrophy
high calf
mortality
retained
placentas |
| SULFUR |
synthesis
of S-amino acids
Co-enzyme
A |
poor
nitrogen utilization
lowered
production |
| ZINC |
enzyme
systems |
stiff
gate,swelling of hocks and knees, soft swelling above rear feet
itch, hair
slicking, rough and thickened skin, dermatitis between rear legs and
behind elbows
low fertility
in cows
undersize
testicles in bull calves |
| VITAMIN
A |
growth
and health of epithelial tissue of eyes, alimentary tract and respiratory
mucosa |
bulging
watery eyes, night blindness
muscle incoordination
bronchitis
and coughing may progress to pneumonia
chronic symptons
adults-rough
haircoat, emaciation, hairless or blind calves, edema of the brisket
and forelegs, abortions
calves-weakness,
susceptible to pneumonia and digestive infections, bulging watering
eyes, cloudy cornea followed by blindness and death
|
| VITAMIN
B'S |
NIACIN,
NICOTIN, NICOTINAMIDE
|
dermatitis
and necrotic lesions in the mouth |
| |
THIAMIN
B 1
|
necrosis
in the gray matter of the brain
muscular incoordination, tremor, convulsions
grinding
teeth
high blood and urine lactate and pyruvate |
| |
RIBOFLAVIN
B 2 |
lesions
at corner of mouth, eyes and nose
damp haircoat,
loss of hair
copious salivation and lacrimation |
| |
BIOTIN |
paralysis of
hind quarters
|
| |
PANTOTHENIC
ACID |
lack
of growth and emaciation
scaly dermatitis
around eyes and muzzle
susceptible to respiratory infection |
| |
FOLIC
ACID |
lack
of growth and emaciation
low white blood count |
| |
VITAMIN
B 12 |
lack
of growth and emaciation
required
for energy metabolism |
| |
PYRIDOXINE
|
lack
of appetite
epileptiform
fits
demyelination
of peripheral nerves |
| |
CHOLINE |
extreme
weakness
laboured
breathing within 6-8 days |
| VITAMIN
C |
synthesized
in tissue of calves and adult bovines
|
|
| VITAMIN
D |
required
for absorption and mobilizaton of calcium and phosphorus |
rickets,
enlarged joints, wobbly gait
stiff legs,
arched back
swelling
of pasterns, lameness
lack of
appetite |
| VITAMIN
E |
antioxidant
muscle integrity |
nutritional
muscular dystorphy
white muscle
disease in calves
heart, diaphragm
and intercostal muscles show light streaking |
HEALTH